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Today's emphasis on alternative flux technology as an approach to eliminate the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) requires an understanding of the corrosion potential of the new fluxes. In 1989, Dr David Bono proposed that monitoring the effect of different soldering fluxes on the rate of corrosion of a copper wire printed on a circuit board would provide quantitative information on the corrosion potential of a flux. Further analysis of this testby Turbini et al. revealed that the degradation mechanism associated with Bono's test is the growth of conductive anodic filaments along the glass fibres of the epoxy‐glass boards. The original test method has been revised, and the test coupon redesigned with the goal of developing a standard, quantitative test method to characterise soldering fluxes. This paper will describe the equipment, test coupon and electrical circuitry associated with this proposed test method. Procedures chosen to reduce error sources associated with electrical noise will be reported and explained.

Both research and child protection practice are still far away from having uniform definitions of violence against children. The different disciplines involved in the sectors of national child protection systems rely on separate discourses and terms; definitions are sometimes rather general or implicit, and operationalizations of important elements are rare. The various terms in use – child maltreatment, child abuse and neglect, child endangerment, children at risk, children in need, etc. – speak of the variety, not only of concepts, but also of practices. With respect to the latter, definitional issues are also issues of the scope and thresholds of intervention. This chapter provides an overview of major terms and definitional approaches to violence against children and identifies eminent differences between them. Findings from several studies on the Swiss child protection system, including the first multi-sectorial national survey on agency responses to child maltreatment, illustrate how professionals use definitions and the consequences of having multiple definitional concepts for documenting reported cases. We conclude by advocating for a consensus-based interdisciplinary process of developing shared definitions of violence against children.

Using annual data from 1970 to 2013 for China and India, this paper aims to examine the impact of globalization and financial development on economic growth by endogenizing capital and inflation and drawing comparisons between the two fastest growing emerging market economies.

In the long run, co-integration test results indicate that financial development increases economic growth in China and India.

The results also reveal that globalization accelerates economic growth in India but, surprisingly, impairs economic growth in China, as it increases competition for exports. The results furthermore disclose that acceleration in capitalization and inflation, as a proxy for aggregate demand, are positively linked to economic growth in China and India.

Causality test results indicate that both financial development and economic growth are interdependent. In contrast, causality runs from higher economic growth to increased globalization in India, while the results do not support long-term causality between globalization and economic growth in China.

A fundamental principle of materials engineering is that the microstructure of a material controls the properties. The phase transformation is an important phenomenon that determines the final microstructure. Recently, many analytical and numerical methods were used for modeling of phase transformation, but some limitations can be seen in relation to the choice of the shape of growing grains, introduction of varying grain growth rate and modeling of diffusion phenomena. There are also only few comprehensive studies that combine the final microstructure with the actual conditions of its formation. Therefore, the objective of the work is a development of a new hybrid model based on lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) and cellular automata (CA) for modeling of the diffusional phase transformations. The model has a modular structure and simulates three basic phenomena: carbon diffusion, heat flow and phase transformation. The purpose of this study is to develop a model of heat flow with consideration of enthalpy of transformation as one of the most important parts of the proposed new hybrid model. This is one of the stages in the development of the complex model, and the obtained results will be used in a combined solution of heat flow and carbon diffusion during the modeling of diffusion phase transformations.

Different values of overheating/overcooling affect different values in the enthalpy of transformation and thus the rate of transformation. CA and LBM are used in the hybrid model in part related to heat flow. LBM is used for modeling of heat flow, while CA is used for modeling of the microstructure evolution during the phase transformation.

The use of LBM and CA in one numerical solution creates completely new possibilities for modeling of phase transformations. CA and LBM in comparison with commonly used approaches significantly simplify interface and interaction between different parts of the model, which operates in a common domain. The CA can be used practically for all possible processes that consist of nucleation and grains growth. The advantages of the LBM method can be well used for the simulation of heat flow during the transformation, which is confirmed by numerical results.

The developed heat flow model will be combined with the carbon diffusion model at the next stage of work, and the new complex hybrid model at the final stage will provide new solutions in numerical simulation of phase transformations and will allow comprehensive modeling of the diffusional phase transformations in many processes. Heating, annealing and cooling can be considered.

The paper presents the developed model of heat flow (temperature module), which is one of the main parts of the new hybrid model devoted to modeling of phase transformation. The model takes into account the enthalpy of transformation, and the connection with the model of microstructure evolution was obtained.

Discussions about terminology in tourism are not rare, and they are often held, as is the case here, on very important and also crucial problems of this field. Many misrepresentations and misconceptions are manifested through terminological problems and misunderstandings. Partly paraphrasing the well‐known verse in “Hamlet”, as we did in the title of this paper, we could say: “Touristic marketing or marketing in tourism?” Although such a question may at first seem pathetic and artificial, its content is a very realistic one in both fields: theoretical and practical. The question is in a way a continuance of many questions raised in the theory and practice of tourism and refers to certain situations and concepts to which attribute “touristic” is added. It is meant by this addition to make situations and concepts clearer, or defined. By adding “touristic” a characteristic content of the very concept or situation is pointed out and there is also a wish to unambiguously stress that its content differs from other similar ones. Thus we operate with the terms “touristic user”, “touristic market”, “Touristic consumption”, “touristic product”, “touristic resort”, etc.

Guided by a life course theoretical perspective, this study aimed to examine associations between providing caregiving for a young or adult son or daughter with special needs and multiple dimensions of physical health status among married midlife and older adults, as well as moderation of these associations by gender and marital quality (i.e., marital strain).

Regression models were estimated using data from 1,058 married adults aged 33–83 (National Survey of Midlife in the U.S. (MIDUS), 2005).

Parental caregiving for a young or adult child with special needs (in contrast to no caregiving) was linked to poorer global health and more physical symptoms among both fathers and mothers. Father caregivers reported slightly more chronic conditions than noncaregiving men, regardless of marital quality. By contrast, mother caregivers reported a much higher number of chronic conditions when they also reported a high level of marital strain, but not when they reported a low level of marital strain.

Overall, results provide evidence from a national sample that midlife and older parents providing caregiving for a child with special needs are at risk for poorer health outcomes, and further tentatively suggest that greater marital strain may exacerbate health risks, particularly among married mother caregivers.

For a number of years electronic manufacturers of printed circuit assemblies have used rosin‐based soldering fluxes. Post‐solder cleaning was accomplished with chlorinated or chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) solvents. With the elimination of these solvent options due to their destructive effect on the stratospheric ozone layer, manufacturers are considering alternative cleaners for rosin flux or new flux choices which can be cleaned with water or left uncleaned. Many of the flux formulations are relatively new and their long‐term effect on the performance of products manufactured with them is unknown. Although ionic contamination testers can alert one to the ionic levels remaining on an assembly, there is no direct relationship between the total ionic level and the corrosivity of the soldering flux. Surface insulation resistance testing is used in the industry, but the results are misunderstood by many. This is due to the fact that SIR data represent a complex dependency on a number of factors including (1) the test conditions (temperature, humidity, bias), (2) the area of interactions (often referred to as the number of squares), (3) the separation between lines on the interdigitated comb pattern, (4) the presence or absence of bias voltage during the test and (5) the nature of the substrate. All of these factors have been the driving force to develop a quantitative screening test for soldering flux residues. This test, originally reported by Dr David Bono, is being modified and developed at Georgia Tech to provide a quantitative evaluation of flux residue corrosivity. This work, in collaboration with the work being performed by the French UTE, will result in a new international standard. This paper reports the latest data on this important test development.

The corrosive power of solder pastes is studied by implementing a new method compatible with the common rules of use. The entire methodology is fully described. The results show evidence of corrosion with some solder pastes that have been identified by microscopic and EDX analysis. The corrosion mechanism is ‘mouse bite’ and conductive anodic filaments. A ranking of the different solder pastes tested is given and pass criteria for this new method of evaluation are proposed.

Technological advancement and the expansion of resources are key propellers of methodological innovations in scientific research. The virtual field is gradually occupying a larger space in scientific research, particularly regarding qualitative research. There are numerous tools that help in accessing the field of study, collecting data, recruiting of subjects, and providing support in processing and analyzing data. Low cost, time saving and access to otherwise inaccessible groups are the main potentialities pointed out in the literature. This chapter aims to enrich methodological discussions regarding information and communication technologies (ICTs), as well as to improve data collection methods mediated by ICTs used in qualitative research. Through a review of the body of literature on internet mediated research (IMR), production on the topic was characterized. The most widely used data collection methods are identified and discussed. Discussions originated from the review were broadened and deepened through contributions emerging from a study carried out by the authors. The results reinforce the contributions pointed out by the analyzed body of work and highlight the contextual, relational, and data validity dimensions. In an interconnected way, these dimensions allow for the production/obtaining data with specificities deriving from a new relation of individuals with time and space. Finally, attention is drawn to the idea that the background for methodological discussions about IMR is the same as the one for methodological discussions regarding science in its most different approaches – the demand for strong methodological, epistemological and ontological coherence.

Political instability may have far-reaching implications for economic performance. This paper aims to analyze the impact of political instability on economic growth by focusing on the case of Jordan, a small country located in the Middle East, which represents a highly political instable region.

The analysis is performed by regressing different indicators for internal and external political instability on economic growth for the period from 1980 to 2015 using the fully modified ordinary least squares approach.

The results point at a significant impact of political instability on the economic growth of the country in all the specifications considered; in particular, the analysis reveals a positive impact of external political instability indexed by border countries’ political instability and a negative impact of internal political instability, as proxied by the number of crimes and cabinet changes. Further, regarding the effect of the level of freedom, the authors find evidence for the so-called conflict perspective.

This paper is original and relevant for two main reasons. First, it adds to the debate on the effects of political instability on economic growth, and hereby, disentangles the effects of internal and external political instability. Second, it makes an important contribution by focusing on the case of Jordan, which has received little attention in the literature on political instability so far, even though political instability is a constant threat to the country.